This article analyses how the philosopher Piero Martinetti conceptualizes the survival of a person’s soul after death. Martinetti’s stance is strongly influenced by the philosophy of Plotinus. Martinetti shows that the relation between singularity and multiplicity is expressed in human beings as two different and complimentary perspectives: a fundamental identity in the atemporal dimension of the intelligible life of the spirit and a dynamic tension in the empiric order of the spatio-temporal becoming. Both dimensions express themselves in a finalistic way, (...) attracted from the One who operates in them as a force of harmonization and concentration. The One as Omnitudo realitatis is the cornerstone of Martinetti’s position in regards to the survival of the individual soul after death: a concentration that happens mysteriously, because it transcends the ability of the human mind to understand it – yet, it certainly happens. ≪One thing only we know: what is worth living will live.≫. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is resurrecting the “Demarcation Problem”, which was considered dead in a paper written by Larry Laudan in 1983. I will go through the analysis of Imre Lakatos’ thought, which represents the most mature synthesis between the fallibilism of science and the rationality of the demarcation attitude. Lakatos’ philosophical trick is directed to acknowledge the inclinations of the contemporary philosophers, to grasp the best they can offer, and to propose a more suitable philosophy of science. He (...) follows the middle path between dogmatism and skepticism: the favorite position in order to safeguard the phenomena suggesting a rational unity of the science in an “anarchic” historical period. (shrink)

L’obiettivo di questo saggio è quello di mostrare come i discorsi razzisti che si moltiplicano e si sovrappongono in Europa sono in buona parte legati alla impossibilità di realizzare un’identità europea, che viene costruita in maniera difensiva ed immaginaria attraverso un meccanismo di differenziazione e di inferiorizzazione dell’Altro non occidentale. Nel ricostruire alcuni meccanismi della «mitologia razzista» tesi a evidenziarne il carattere «pluridimensionale», il lavoro si concentra sugli odierni processi migratori e su aspetti della legislazione adottata in Europa al fine (...) di evidenziarne i tratti intrinsecamente discriminatori. (shrink)

Il saggio affronta i concetti di «Stato» e di «Federalismo» all'interno dell'analisi di Reinhart Koselleck che traduce in prassi collettive le strutture della fatticità heideggeriana, radicando, con Schmitt, la concettualità giuridica sul concreto della sociologia. Analizzando alcune voci fondamentali dei _Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe_ (S_taat, Souveranität, Bund, Bündnis, Föderalismus, Bundesstaat_) viene ricostruito il modo in cui Koselleck formula una prognosi immediatamente politica in merito al processo di unificazione europea, evidenziando che il federalismo, lungi dall’essere solamente un reperto archeologico del passato, rappresenta una (...) risorsa per un ordine politico postnazionale. (shrink)

The essay tackles the intertwining of State and capital as powers that dominate modernity, locating on a global scale right from the start. This intertwining intersects inevitably the history of empire, which, rather than just being the precedent of the State, represents a composite form of layered sovereignties and multifaceted juridical spaces. The concept of the State that emerges from the essay moves away from the broadly meant Weberian conception, which is prevailing in contemporary literature. In contrast with the Weberian (...) definition, indeed, the territoriality of the State is unsettled and altered both by the swaying of its borders and by the emergence of new territorial formations inside and across the borders. The global view on the State complicates its relationship with the nation and the idea of the monopoly of the legislative production and legitimate physical strength. The result is a much more fragmented and movable image of the history of modern State. (shrink)

Platone e la teoria delle Idee -- La dottrina degli antichi stoici -- Il razionalismo di Descartes -- Le monadi di Leibniz -- Hegel e la filosofia dello Spirito -- Il materialismo dialettico di Marx -- Le favole smascherate: il nichilismo di Nietzsche -- Una favola del Novecento: l'idealismo e lo storicismo crociano -- Lo scetticismo alla base della filosofia odierna.

_Abstract_: Here, I examine the main philosophical solutions to the mind-body problem distinguishing between “historicist” solutions that (more or less clearly) separate philosophy from science and solutions that instead result from a double “cognitive turn”, and see “continuity” between philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences. The “historicist” solutions include ontological dualism (together with “skepticism” and “new mysterianism”), epistemological dualism, subjective idealism, and absolute idealism. In this group, transcendental idealism, phenomenology, and neutral monism are the solutions most open to a (...) dialogue between philosophy and science. The “naturalistic” solutions can be divided into four groups: (1) behaviorism (psychological, logical, philosophical-analytical behaviorism); (2) materialism (identity theory, physicalism); (3) “weak naturalism” (functionalism, anomalous monism, “biological naturalism”, liberal naturalism, emergentism); (4) “strong naturalism” (“cognitive neo-evolutionism”, eliminativism). These offer a physicalist-eliminative solution to the mind-body problem (here called “soft physicalistic eliminativism”) that allows for more continuity between philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences. _Keywords_: Mind/Body-Problem; Cognitive Science; Cognitive Turn; Naturalism; Eliminativism _Il problema mente-corpo in filosofia e le scienze cognitive___ _Riassunto_: Vengono esaminate le principali soluzioni filosofiche al problema mente-corpo al fine di distinguere le soluzioni di origine storicistica che separano (più o meno chiaramente) filosofia e scienza da quelle che invece, nate da una duplice “svolta cognitiva”, favoriscono la “continuità” tra filosofia della mente e scienze cognitive. Le soluzioni del primo gruppo sono anzitutto il dualismo ontologico (insieme allo “scetticismo” e al “neo-misterianismo”), il dualismo epistemologico, l’idealismo soggettivo e l’idealismo assoluto. L’idealismo trascendentale, la fenomenologia e il monismo neutrale sono invece soluzioni più aperte al dialogo tra filosofia e scienza. Le soluzioni del secondo gruppo, quelle “naturalistiche”, vengono suddivise in quattro grandi gruppi: (1) il comportamentismo (psicologico, logico e filosofico-analitico); (2) il materialismo (teoria dell’identità e fisicalismo); (3) il “naturalismo debole” (funzionalismo, monismo anomalo, “naturalismo biologico”, naturalismo liberalizzato e emergentismo); (4) il “naturalismo forte” (“neo-evoluzionismo cognitivo” ed eliminativismo). In conclusion, una soluzione di tipo fisicalistico-eliminativo (qui chiamata “eliminativismo fisicalistico moderato”) al problema mente-corpo è quella che più di altre favorisce la continuità tra filosofia della mente e scienze cognitive. _Parole chiave_: Problema mente/corpo; Scienza cognitiva; Svolta cognitiva; Naturalismo; Eliminativismo. (shrink)

L’argomento proposto da Haselager, Broens e Quilici Gonzalez in The Importance of Sensing One’s Movements in the World for the Sense of Personal Identity consta di tre tesi fondamentali, che possono essere così riassunte: al cuore dell’autocoscienza umana sta il linguaggio o il pensiero, ma il senso del corpo; la dicotomia tradizionale tra sensi esterni e sensi interni è falsa; non c’è un primato del cervello sul resto del corpo in rapporto al senso di identità che ogni essere umano possiede. (...) Il presente studio si propone di mostrare che, mentre la tesi è perfettamente convincente, le tesi e devono essere parzialmente rivisitate, poiché troppo compromesse con un tipo di anti-rappresentazionalismo à la Brook. Difatti, molti risultati sperimentali mostrano, diversamente da quanto sostenuto in, che anche a livello puramente percettivo il cervello distingue tra sé e mondo esterno. Esistono inoltre esperimenti che confermano l’“importanza”del corpo per la cognizione e l’interazione costante tra corpo e cervello anche per quel che concerne l’esecuzione di compiti cognitivi, questi stessi esperimenti mostrano al contempo, diversamente da quanto sostenuto in, che l’influenza del movimento corporeo sulle aree associative della corteccia non è direttamente dovuta agli schemi motori che dirigono il movimento corporeo ma a rappresentazioni cerebrali di “alto livello” delle azioni, ognuna delle quali può essere eseguita da schemi motori differenti. (shrink)

Il dibattito bioetico sulla regolamentazione delle decisioni di fine vita ri­ce­ve per lo più impulso da casi individuali che vengono portati all’attenzione del­l’opinione pubblica. Il ruolo che hanno avuto per gli Stati Uniti le vi­cende biografiche di Nancy Cruzan e di Terry Schiavo è sta­to svolto in Ita­lia da Piergiorgio Welby ed Eluana Englaro. Le vicende giudiziarie hanno tro­­vato difficoltà a essere decise perché la legge si è rivelata inadeguata ad at­tribuire significati univoci a concetti come ‘accanimento terapeutico’ e ‘trat­tamenti (...) futili’. Il dibattito è stato ul­te­riormente complicato dall’uso di im­magini e da emozioni. La ricerca di una legge condivisa ha trovato in Ita­lia un ostacolo nella contrapposizione di atteggiamenti irriducibili. Il con­di­zio­­namento più negativo sembra essere l’intento di fare una legge ‘contro’ una delle posizioni ideo­logiche in gioco.The bioethical debate concerning regulations of end-of-life decisions has star­ted mainly from the analysis of individual cases, since these cases usually draw public attention. In the United States the life-stories of Nancy Cru­zan and Terry Schiavo have played an important role, whereas in Italy we have been focusing on the cases of Piergiorgio Welby and Eluana En­glaro. In all these cases the laws of the country have proved inadequate to de­fine the meaning of ‘futile medical care’. The debate has become even mo­re complicated because of intellectual and emotional implications. In Ita­ly the pursuit of an agreement from the legal point of view has found ma­ny obstacles and has basically displayed strongly conflicting views. The main problem in the Italian case seems to be the pursuit of an impartial law, nei­ther favouring nor contrasting one of the views at stake. (shrink)

Il dibattito bioetico sulla regolamentazione delle decisioni di fine vita riceve per lo piů impulso da casi individuali che vengono portati all'attenzione dell'opinione pubblica. Il ruolo che hanno avuto per gli Stati Uniti le vicende biografiche di Nancy Cruzan e di Terry Schiavo č stato svolto in Italia da Piergiorgio Welby ed Eluana Englaro. Le vicende giudiziarie hanno trovato difficoltÀ a essere decise perché la legge si č rivelata inadeguata ad attribuire significati univoci a concetti come ‘accanimento terapeutico' e ‘trattamenti (...) futili'. Il dibattito č stato ulteriormente complicato dall'uso di immagini e da emozioni. La ricerca di una legge condivisa ha trovato in Italia un ostacolo nella contrapposizione di atteggiamenti irriducibili. Il condizionamento piů negativo sembra essere l'intento di fare una legge ‘contro' una delle posizioni ideologiche in gioco. (shrink)

Resenha: KARASCH, Mary C. Before Brasília: frontier life in Central Brazil. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016.

We largely agree with Grimwade et al ’s1 conclusion that challenge trial participants may ethically be paid, including for risk. Here, we add further arguments, clarify some points from the perspective of economics and indicate areas where economists can support the development of a framework for ethically justifiable payment. Our arguments apply to carefully constructed and monitored controlled human infection model trials that have been appropriately reviewed and approved. Participants in medical studies perform a service. Outside the domain of research (...) participation, there is nearly universal agreement that workers providing a service should be compensated fairly, and that work involving more discomfort and risk should be compensated more generously. Accordingly, labour regulations impose floors, not caps on compensation. Caps, even if intended to protect against undue inducement, also raise concerns about illegal price-fixing that disadvantages workers. Such limits on payment for egg donors have successfully been challenged in court.i Moreover, caps on compensation may harm everyone at risk of infection, not just potential participants. Insufficient compensation may impede the recruitment of enough suitable subjects, for example, when representativeness of the subject sample is required. Delays in vaccine development not only prolong disruption of social, educational and economic activity but also lead to excess infections and deaths. Unlike paid CHIM participants, individuals exposed to such infection do not accept it voluntarily, are not compensated for it, and are unlikely to receive the level of medical supervision afforded to closely monitored CHIM participants. Payment caps can lead to attempts to circumvent the regulation. For example, many countries …. (shrink)

International in scope and featuring a diverse group of contributors, The Borders of Justice investigates the complexities of transitional justice that emerge from its “social embeddedness.” This original and provocative collection of essays, which stem from a collective research program on social justice undertaken by the Calcutta Research Group, confronts the concept and practices of justice. The editors and contributors question the relationship between geography, methodology, and justice—how and why justice is meted out differently in different places. Expanding on Michael (...) Walzer's idea of the “spheres of justice,” the contributors argue that justice is burdened with our notions of social realities and expectations, in addition to the influence of money, law, and government. Chapters provide close readings of Pascal, Plato and Marx, theories on global justice, the relationship between liberalism and multiculturalism, struggles of social injustice, and how and where we draw the borders of justice. (shrink)

Los medios de comunicación en general y la radio en particular configuran el ecosistema mediático necesario para impulsar los principios igualitarios en la sociedad. Esta propuesta de metodología de investigación-acción-participación en el ámbito docente de educación superior pone su atención en los procesos comunicativos en radio sobre el deporte profesional practicado por mujeres. El trabajo propone la descripción de una metodología puesta en funcionamiento en la asignatura Producción de programas informativos en radio y refleja todo el proceso transformador, así como (...) las estrategias y acciones para la producción de un programa radiofónico deportivo con perspectiva de género. (shrink)

Heintz & Scott-Phillips propose that the partner choice ecology of our ancestors required Gricean cognitive pragmatics for reputation management, which caused a tendency toward showing and expecting prosociality that subsequently scaffolded language evolution. Here, we suggest a cognitively leaner explanation that is more consistent with comparative data and posits that prosociality and eventually language evolved along with cooperative breeding.

This book traces the development of Dialectical Logic within the history of modern western philosophy, culminating in Marx s materialist dialectics. It brings out the essential contours of Logic through a detailed exposition of the ontological and epistem.

The question of the identity of thought and being occupies an important place in the history of philosophy. Engels, addressing this question, wrote: "Is our thought capable of knowing the real world, can we in our ideas and concepts of the real world form a true reflection of reality? In philosophical language this question is called the question of the identity of thought and being. The vast majority of philosophers answer this question affirmatively.".

"Texts selected for this collection are not the only texts dedicated to Hegel and dialectics but they are representative of Ilyenkov's main themes and interests."--Back cover.

- a model, a norm, an ideal image, determining the mode and nature of behavior of an individual or a class in society. Creativity in accordance with an ideal, the shaping of natural materials in accordance with an ideal, constitute a specifically human form of life-activity distinguishing it from the activity of animals. As a universal aspect of goal-directed activity, the ideal appears in all spheres of the life of society: social, political, moral, esthetic, etc. The category of the ideal (...) has profound social meaning. Over the centuries, progressive classes have, in the struggle against outdated forms of societal relations, embodied their enthusiasm in the high ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. In our day, the ideal of the laboring masses of the entire world is communism, the building of a communist society, which is being effectuated in the USSR. "Each new step toward the shining peaks of communism," states the CPSU Program, "inspires the laboring masses of all countries, and constitutes vast moral support in the struggle for the liberation of all peoples from social and national oppression, accelerates the triumph of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism on a world scale". (shrink)

The article by D. I. Dubrovskii, "Brain and Mind" [Mozg i psikhika], published in Voprosy filosofii, No. 8, produced in me not only the desire to debate but also the desire to refrain, in that debate, from employing the tone he used. For that reason it seems necessary to me to list the points on which neither I nor, as I understand it, F. T. Mikhailov desires to take issue with the author of "Brain and Mind," because on these matters (...) we are entirely in agreement with him. To proceed in this fashion is necessary not for the sake of academic courtesy, but precisely in order to denote more clearly the actual points of difference between our positions, and then to let the reader decide which path he prefers. (shrink)

Tom1. Abstraktnoe i konkretnoe -- Tom 2. Kategorii -- Tom 3. Ideal -- Tom 4. Dialekticheskai︠a︡ logika -- Tom 5. Dialektika idealʹnogo.

Sandro Barbera and Giuliano Campioni’s book, Il genio tiranno (The Tyrant Genius), relates Nietzsche’s philosophy to the thought of Richard Wagner, Arthur Schopenhauer, Jacob Burckhardt, Ernest Renan, and Robert Musil by focusing particularly on the figure of the “genius,” of which each chapter considers a different sense or aspect.The first chapter deals with the relationship between the genius and the city. Wagner treated the city as the locus of decline and the annihilation of the subject, referring particularly to the (...) accelerated rhythms of cities like Paris and how they thus become home to décadents and corrupted modern life. Through the artistic experience of Bayreuth, therefore, Wagner aimed to redeem .. (shrink)